
Paying for Your Boise Remodel
A kitchen remodel in Boise runs $25,000-$80,000. A bathroom remodel is $8,000-$35,000. A whole-home renovation can exceed $150,000. These are significant investments, and most Boise homeowners do not pay for them entirely out of savings. Understanding your financing options — and choosing the right one — can be the difference between a remodel that strengthens your financial position and one that strains it.
The good news for Treasure Valley homeowners is that home equity has grown substantially over the past several years. According to data from the Boise Regional REALTORS, the median home price in the Boise metro area has appreciated significantly, giving many homeowners access to equity-based financing options that were not available to them five or ten years ago.
This guide covers every major financing option available to Boise homeowners, from home equity products to personal loans to government-backed renovation loans. For each option, we break down how it works, current Idaho rates, qualification requirements, and when it is the right fit for your situation. We also cover the Idaho Housing Finance Association programs that many homeowners do not know exist.
A few important notes before we begin:
- Interest rates change frequently. The rates quoted in this guide reflect the Boise market as of early 2026. Always get current quotes from multiple lenders.
- We are remodeling contractors, not financial advisors. This guide is educational. Consult with your lender, financial advisor, or CPA before making financing decisions.
- Tax deductibility of interest on home improvement loans depends on your specific tax situation. The IRS rules for interest deductibility on home improvement financing are specific — consult a tax professional.

HELOC (Home Equity Line of Credit)
A HELOC is the most popular financing tool for home remodels in Boise, and for good reason. It offers flexibility that no other financing option matches.
How it works: A HELOC is a revolving line of credit secured by your home equity. You are approved for a maximum amount (based on your equity and creditworthiness), and you draw funds as needed during a "draw period" (typically 5-10 years). You only pay interest on the amount you have drawn, not the full credit line. After the draw period, the loan enters a "repayment period" (typically 10-20 years) where you pay back principal and interest.
Why it is ideal for remodeling: Remodeling projects involve staged payments — a deposit to the contractor, progress payments during construction, and a final payment at completion. A HELOC lets you draw funds as each payment comes due rather than borrowing a lump sum upfront and paying interest on money that sits in your account. For a $50,000 kitchen remodel that spans 3 months, this structure can save $500-$1,000 in interest compared to a lump-sum loan.
Current Idaho rates: HELOC rates in the Boise area are typically variable, tied to the prime rate. As of early 2026, expect rates in the range of 7.5%-9.5% APR depending on your credit score and lender. Some Idaho credit unions (like Idaho Central Credit Union and Westmark Credit Union) offer introductory rates for the first 6-12 months.
Qualification requirements:
- Minimum credit score: 680+ (some lenders accept 660 with higher rates)
- Maximum combined loan-to-value (CLTV): 80-90% of home value (varies by lender)
- Debt-to-income ratio: Below 43% (including the HELOC payment)
- Home appraisal required (cost: $400-$600, sometimes waived by lender)
Example for a typical Boise homeowner: Home value: $450,000. Current mortgage balance: $280,000. Available equity at 80% CLTV: $450,000 x 0.80 - $280,000 = $80,000 HELOC limit. At 90% CLTV (some lenders): $450,000 x 0.90 - $280,000 = $125,000 HELOC limit.
Pros: Flexible draw schedule, interest-only payments during draw period, potential tax deductibility of interest on home improvements, lower closing costs than a refinance.
Cons: Variable rate means payments can increase, your home is collateral (foreclosure risk if you default), requires discipline to not treat it as a spending account for non-improvement purposes.
Home Equity Loan
A home equity loan (sometimes called a "second mortgage") provides a lump sum at a fixed interest rate, repaid in equal monthly installments over a set term. It is the most straightforward financing option and provides the payment predictability that many Boise homeowners prefer.
How it works: You borrow a fixed amount against your home equity and receive the full amount at closing. You repay with fixed monthly payments (principal and interest) over a term of 5-30 years. The interest rate is locked at closing and does not change.
Current Idaho rates: Home equity loan rates in Boise are generally 7.0%-9.0% APR fixed depending on credit score, loan amount, and term. Shorter terms (5-10 years) typically have lower rates than longer terms (15-30 years). Idaho credit unions often offer the most competitive rates in this category.
When a home equity loan is better than a HELOC:
- You know exactly how much you need (the remodel is fully quoted and contracted)
- You want predictable monthly payments with no variable rate risk
- Interest rates are expected to rise and you want to lock in today's rate
- You prefer the discipline of a fixed repayment schedule
Qualification requirements: Similar to HELOC — 680+ credit score, 80-90% maximum CLTV, DTI below 43%, home appraisal. Closing costs on a home equity loan are typically $2,000-$5,000 (2-5% of the loan amount), which is higher than HELOC closing costs but lower than a full refinance.
Tax consideration: Interest on a home equity loan used for home improvements is generally tax-deductible (subject to the $750,000 total mortgage debt limit under current tax law). This is the same as a HELOC. Keep records documenting that the loan proceeds were used specifically for home improvement — this is what establishes the deductibility. Consult your tax advisor for your specific situation.
Pros: Fixed rate and payment for the life of the loan, lump sum allows negotiating contractor discounts for upfront payment, straightforward and easy to understand.
Cons: You pay interest on the full amount from day one (even if the project hasn't started yet), less flexible than a HELOC for projects with uncertain costs, closing costs are higher than a HELOC.
Cash-Out Refinance
A cash-out refinance replaces your existing mortgage with a new, larger mortgage. The difference between the new loan and your old balance is paid to you in cash, which you use for the remodel.
How it works: You refinance your entire mortgage at current rates, borrowing more than you currently owe. For example, if your home is worth $450,000 and you owe $280,000, you might refinance for $350,000 and receive $70,000 in cash (minus closing costs) for your remodel. Your old mortgage is paid off, and you have one new mortgage payment.
When it makes sense in Boise:
- Your current mortgage rate is higher than today's refinance rates — you reduce your rate AND get remodel funds
- You want to consolidate into a single monthly payment (no second mortgage)
- You need a large amount ($100,000+) that exceeds typical HELOC limits
- You are early in your mortgage term and have not built much equity through payments
When it does NOT make sense:
- Your current mortgage rate is lower than today's refinance rates. If you locked in a 3.0% rate in 2020-2021 and current rates are 6.5%+, a cash-out refinance replaces your low-rate mortgage with a high-rate one. You would be paying a higher rate on your entire mortgage balance — not just the remodel amount — which could cost tens of thousands in additional interest over the life of the loan.
- Closing costs (typically 2-5% of the new loan amount, or $7,000-$17,500 on a $350,000 loan) eat into the cash-out proceeds significantly.
Current Idaho rates: Cash-out refinance rates in Boise are generally 0.25%-0.50% higher than standard refinance rates. As of early 2026, expect 6.5%-7.5% APR for well-qualified borrowers on a 30-year fixed. 15-year terms are lower but with higher monthly payments.
The math matters: Boise homeowners who locked in mortgage rates below 4.0% during 2020-2021 should almost always choose a HELOC or home equity loan instead of a cash-out refinance. Replacing a $280,000 mortgage at 3.0% with a $350,000 mortgage at 6.75% increases your monthly payment by approximately $1,100 and costs an additional $200,000+ in total interest over 30 years. The $70,000 in remodel funds is far cheaper to obtain through a HELOC at 8.5% than through this refinance scenario.
Pros: Single monthly payment, potentially large borrowing capacity, long repayment terms available.
Cons: High closing costs, extends your mortgage term, replaces potentially favorable existing mortgage rate, takes 30-45 days to close.
Personal Loan
A personal loan (also called an unsecured home improvement loan) provides a lump sum without using your home as collateral. It is the fastest financing option and the right choice for smaller remodels or homeowners who do not have sufficient equity for secured products.
How it works: You apply for a fixed-amount, fixed-rate loan from a bank, credit union, or online lender. There is no collateral — approval is based on your credit score, income, and debt-to-income ratio. Funds are typically disbursed within 1-7 business days. Repayment is in fixed monthly installments over 2-7 years.
When it is the right choice:
- Your remodel budget is under $50,000 (ideally under $25,000)
- You do not have enough equity for a HELOC or home equity loan
- You recently purchased your Boise home and have not built equity
- You want funds quickly without an appraisal or lengthy underwriting
- You do not want to put your home at risk as collateral
Current Idaho rates: Personal loan rates vary widely based on credit score. Expect 7.0%-12.0% APR for excellent credit (740+), 10.0%-18.0% for good credit (680-739), and 15.0%-36.0% for fair credit (below 680). Idaho credit unions and local banks typically offer better rates than national online lenders for well-qualified borrowers. FDIC-insured banks and NCUA-insured credit unions are always the safest choices.
Loan amounts: Most lenders offer personal loans from $5,000-$100,000, though amounts above $50,000 require excellent credit and high income. For Boise bathroom remodels ($8,000-$35,000), deck projects ($10,000-$25,000), and smaller kitchen updates ($15,000-$30,000), personal loans are a practical fit.
Pros: No home equity required, no appraisal, fast funding (1-7 days), no risk of foreclosure, fixed rate and payment.
Cons: Higher interest rates than secured options, shorter repayment terms mean higher monthly payments, interest is generally NOT tax-deductible (because the loan is not secured by the home), lower maximum borrowing amounts.
Where to shop in Boise: Start with your current bank or credit union. Idaho Central Credit Union, Pioneer Federal Credit Union, and Westmark Credit Union are local options with competitive personal loan rates. Compare with national online lenders (SoFi, LightStream, Discover) as well — they sometimes beat local rates for borrowers with excellent credit. Always compare APR (not just interest rate) to ensure you are comparing total costs including origination fees.
Contractor Financing
Many remodeling contractors in the Boise area, including our team, offer financing through partnerships with lending institutions. Contractor financing is convenient but requires careful evaluation to ensure you are getting competitive terms.
How it works: The contractor has an established relationship with one or more lenders who offer financing to the contractor's customers. You apply through the contractor (usually online or at the initial consultation), get approved, and the lender pays the contractor directly as work progresses. You repay the lender in monthly installments.
Common contractor financing structures in Boise:
- Same-as-cash promotional periods: 0% interest for 12-18 months if the balance is paid in full before the promotional period ends. This is excellent for homeowners who can pay off the balance within the promotional window. Warning: if you do NOT pay the balance in full by the deadline, deferred interest (often 22-28% APR) is charged retroactively on the entire original balance.
- Fixed-rate installment plans: 5-15 year terms at fixed rates typically ranging from 7.0%-12.0%. These are essentially personal loans originated through the contractor's lending partner.
- Home equity-based products: Some contractor financing programs are secured by home equity, with rates comparable to HELOC rates (7.5%-9.5%). These require a lien on your home.
Advantages of contractor financing:
- Convenience — apply and get approved during the project planning process
- Promotional 0% periods can be genuinely free financing if you pay on time
- The contractor manages the payment disbursement schedule
What to watch for:
- Dealer fees: Some contractor financing programs charge the contractor a fee (3-8% of the loan amount), which the contractor may pass on to you through higher project pricing. Ask if the project price would be different if you paid cash or used your own financing.
- Deferred interest traps: Same-as-cash offers with deferred interest are risky. If you carry even $1 past the promotional deadline, you owe interest on the entire original balance from day one. On a $40,000 loan at 26% deferred interest over 18 months, that is $15,600 in retroactive interest charges.
- Compare rates: Contractor financing rates are not always the best available. Before accepting contractor-offered financing, check your own bank, credit union, or HELOC options. The 30 minutes spent comparing could save thousands.
We offer financing options to our Boise customers and are transparent about how they compare to other options. If a HELOC or home equity loan offers you a better rate, we will tell you. Contact us to discuss financing as part of your project consultation.

Credit Cards (For Small Projects Only)
Credit cards should generally NOT be used for major home remodeling. However, they have a legitimate role for small projects and specific situations.
When credit cards make sense:
- The project is under $5,000 (a single bathroom fixture upgrade, a backsplash, paint)
- You have a 0% introductory APR card and will pay the balance in full before the promotional rate expires
- You are making a materials-only purchase and want credit card purchase protection (90-day damage/theft coverage, extended warranty)
- You are buying specific items (appliances, fixtures) at a store that does not accept other payment methods easily
When credit cards are a bad idea:
- The project exceeds $5,000 and you cannot pay the balance within 1-2 months
- You are using the credit card because you were not approved for other financing — this is a warning sign that the project may not be financially prudent right now
- The interest rate is 18-28% (standard credit card APR) and you will carry a balance
The math on credit card financing: A $20,000 balance on a credit card at 22% APR with minimum payments ($400/month) takes over 8 years to pay off and costs $18,000+ in interest — nearly doubling the cost of your remodel. By contrast, the same $20,000 on a HELOC at 8.5% costs approximately $9,000 in interest over 10 years. The interest savings alone could fund another significant home improvement.
Credit card rewards (1-3% cash back) do not remotely offset the interest cost if you carry a balance. The only scenario where rewards are relevant is if you charge materials, pay the balance immediately, and pocket the rewards — which requires having the cash available in the first place.
For small Boise remodeling projects under $5,000 that you can pay off quickly, a 0% introductory APR credit card is a legitimate tool. For anything larger, explore the secured and unsecured loan options described elsewhere in this guide.
FHA 203(k) Renovation Loan
The FHA 203(k) loan is a government-backed mortgage product that combines home purchase (or refinance) with renovation financing into a single loan. It is an underutilized tool in Boise, particularly for buyers purchasing homes that need significant updating.
How it works: The FHA 203(k) loan allows you to borrow up to 110% of the home's projected after-repair value (ARV) to finance both the purchase price and the renovation cost in one mortgage. The renovation funds are held in escrow and disbursed to the contractor as work is completed, with inspections verifying progress.
Two versions:
- Standard 203(k): For major renovations over $35,000, including structural work, room additions, and complete remodels. Requires a HUD-approved consultant to oversee the project. Minimum renovation: $5,000.
- Limited 203(k) (formerly Streamline): For renovations under $35,000. Simpler application process, no HUD consultant required. Cannot include structural changes. Ideal for cosmetic updates, kitchen and bathroom remodels, new flooring, and similar scope.
Why it matters in Boise: The Boise metro area has significant inventory of 1960s-1990s homes that are structurally sound but cosmetically dated. These homes sell at a discount to updated homes — often $30,000-$80,000 below comparable renovated properties. A 203(k) loan allows a buyer to purchase one of these homes AND finance the renovation to bring it up to modern standards, all with a single mortgage closing.
Example: A 1975 ranch home in West Boise listed at $350,000 needs $60,000 in updates (kitchen, bathrooms, flooring, paint). Comparable renovated homes sell for $430,000. With a 203(k) loan, the buyer borrows $410,000 (purchase + renovation), puts 3.5% down ($14,350), and ends up with a home worth $430,000 — with $20,000+ in instant equity.
Qualification requirements:
- Minimum credit score: 580 (3.5% down) or 500 (10% down)
- Maximum loan amount: FHA county limit for Ada County (check current HUD limits)
- Property must be primary residence (no investment properties)
- Licensed contractor required (no DIY)
- Work must be completed within 6 months of closing
Limitations: 203(k) loans involve more paperwork than conventional loans, the appraisal process is more complex (requires ARV estimate), and not all lenders in Boise offer them. FHA mortgage insurance premiums (MIP) are required regardless of down payment amount, adding 0.55%-1.05% annually. However, for buyers without 20% down who are purchasing a fixer-upper, the 203(k) is often the most practical path to homeownership in Boise's competitive market.
Boise lenders offering 203(k) loans: Contact local lenders directly, as 203(k) availability varies. National lenders like Fairway Independent Mortgage, Guild Mortgage (headquartered in San Diego but with a strong Boise presence), and local branches of Wells Fargo and US Bank have offered 203(k) products in Idaho.
Idaho Housing Finance Association Programs
The Idaho Housing and Finance Association (IHFA) offers programs that Boise homeowners should know about, particularly for energy-efficiency improvements and homes being purchased with renovation needs.
IHFA Home Improvement Loan Programs:
IHFA periodically offers below-market-rate home improvement loan programs targeted at low-to-moderate income homeowners and specific improvement types (energy efficiency, accessibility, health and safety). Eligibility is typically income-based and varies by program availability. Contact IHFA directly or visit their website for current program offerings — availability changes based on funding cycles.
Federal Tax Credits for Energy-Efficient Improvements:
While not an IHFA program specifically, federal tax credits under the Inflation Reduction Act provide credits for energy-efficient home improvements that many Boise homeowners can use alongside their remodeling financing:
- Windows and doors: 30% credit up to $600/year for ENERGY STAR-rated windows and up to $500 for doors
- Insulation and air sealing: 30% credit up to $1,200/year
- Heat pumps and HVAC: 30% credit up to $2,000/year for qualifying heat pump systems
- Water heaters: 30% credit up to $2,000/year for heat pump water heaters
These credits reduce your tax liability dollar-for-dollar — they are not deductions. If you are financing a remodel that includes window replacement, insulation, or HVAC upgrades, factor these credits into your total cost calculation. A $10,000 window replacement with a $3,000 tax credit effectively costs $7,000.
Idaho Power Rebates:
Idaho Power offers rebates on energy-efficient equipment installed during remodels, including heat pump systems, smart thermostats, insulation, and duct sealing. These rebates reduce project costs by $50-$500+ depending on the improvement. Your contractor should be familiar with available Idaho Power rebates and can help you claim them.
USDA Rural Development Home Repair Loans:
For homeowners in eligible rural areas outside Boise city limits (portions of Canyon County, Owyhee County, and unincorporated Ada County may qualify), the USDA Section 504 program offers home repair loans at 1% interest for very-low-income homeowners and grants of up to $10,000 for homeowners over 62 for health and safety improvements. While Boise proper is not eligible, homeowners in Kuna, Star, and rural areas south of the city may qualify.
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is also an excellent resource for understanding your rights as a borrower and comparing financial products.

How to Choose the Right Financing Option
With so many options, choosing the right financing for your Boise remodel comes down to answering a few key questions:
1. How much do you need to borrow?
- Under $5,000: 0% APR credit card or personal loan
- $5,000-$25,000: Personal loan or HELOC
- $25,000-$100,000: HELOC or home equity loan
- $100,000+: Home equity loan, cash-out refinance, or FHA 203(k)
2. How much equity do you have?
- 20%+ equity: HELOC or home equity loan (best rates)
- 10-20% equity: Limited options for equity-based products; personal loan may be better
- Little or no equity: Personal loan, contractor financing, or FHA 203(k) if purchasing
3. What is your current mortgage rate?
- Above current market rates: Cash-out refinance may make sense (lower your overall rate while getting remodel funds)
- Below current market rates: DO NOT refinance — keep your existing mortgage and use a HELOC or home equity loan instead
4. Do you want fixed or variable payments?
- Fixed: Home equity loan, personal loan, or cash-out refinance
- Variable (lower initial rate but can change): HELOC
5. How quickly do you need funds?
- 1-7 days: Personal loan
- 2-4 weeks: HELOC or home equity loan
- 30-45 days: Cash-out refinance
- 45-60 days: FHA 203(k)
In our experience with Boise homeowners, the most common and cost-effective combination is: HELOC for projects over $25,000 when you have equity, personal loan for projects under $25,000 or when you lack equity, and cash savings for projects under $5,000. The rare homeowner with a mortgage rate above current market rates should seriously evaluate a cash-out refinance.
What Lenders Look For
Understanding lender requirements before you apply saves time and helps you present the strongest application. Here is what Boise-area lenders evaluate for home improvement financing:
Credit Score
Your credit score is the single biggest factor in loan approval and interest rate. The score tiers that matter:
- 760+: Best rates available. You will qualify for every product at the lowest advertised rate.
- 740-759: Excellent rates, minimal rate premium over 760+.
- 700-739: Good rates. Still competitive for HELOCs and home equity loans.
- 680-699: Acceptable for most products but rates are noticeably higher. Consider improving your score before applying if possible.
- 660-679: Limited options. Some lenders will approve HELOCs; personal loan rates will be high.
- Below 660: Difficult to obtain competitive financing. FHA 203(k) may be the best option if purchasing. Contractor financing programs are sometimes available. Focus on credit improvement before taking on remodeling debt.
Debt-to-Income Ratio (DTI)
Lenders want your total monthly debt payments (including the new loan) to be below 43% of your gross monthly income. For a Boise household earning $8,000/month gross, that means total monthly debt (mortgage, car payments, student loans, credit cards, AND the new home improvement loan) should not exceed $3,440.
Employment and Income Stability
Lenders typically want to see two years of consistent employment and income. Self-employed Boise residents (common in Idaho's growing tech and entrepreneurial sectors) should be prepared to provide two years of tax returns and potentially a CPA letter confirming income. Seasonal income fluctuations are common in Idaho — if your income varies, lenders will use the average or the lower figure.
Home Equity (for secured products)
For HELOCs and home equity loans, lenders need an accurate home value. Most require a professional appraisal ($400-$600). Some lenders in the Boise market accept automated valuation models (AVM) or drive-by appraisals for smaller loan amounts, reducing cost and time.
Tips for strengthening your application:
- Check your credit reports at AnnualCreditReport.com and dispute any errors before applying
- Pay down credit card balances below 30% of limits (ideally below 10%)
- Do not open new credit accounts in the 6 months before applying
- Have your remodeling contract and project scope ready — lenders want to know the funds will be used for home improvement
- Get pre-approved before committing to a contractor timeline, so financing delays do not hold up construction
Ready to start planning your Boise remodel and need help understanding the budget? Our kitchen remodel cost guide, bathroom remodel cost guide, and whole-home remodel cost guide provide detailed Boise-specific pricing to help you determine how much financing you need.
What is the best way to finance a home remodel in Boise?
For most Boise homeowners with adequate home equity, a HELOC is the best financing option. It offers competitive rates (7.5%-9.5% in Idaho), flexible draw schedules that match remodeling payment milestones, interest-only payments during construction, and potentially tax-deductible interest. For projects under $25,000 or for homeowners without significant equity, a personal loan provides fast funding without using your home as collateral.
What credit score do I need for a home improvement loan in Boise?
For the best rates on HELOCs and home equity loans in Boise, aim for a credit score of 740+. Most lenders approve borrowers with scores of 680+, though rates increase as scores decrease. Personal loans require similar scores for competitive rates. FHA 203(k) loans accept scores as low as 580 with 3.5% down. Below 660, financing options become limited and expensive.
Is a HELOC or home equity loan better for remodeling?
A HELOC is usually better for remodeling because its flexible draw schedule matches how contractors are paid (in stages). You only pay interest on funds drawn, not the full approved amount. A home equity loan is better if you want a fixed rate and predictable payment from day one, or if rates are rising and you want to lock in. Both offer similar rates (7.0%-9.5% in Idaho) and tax benefits.
Should I do a cash-out refinance for my Boise home remodel?
Only if your current mortgage rate is higher than current refinance rates. If you locked in a rate below 4.0% during 2020-2021, a cash-out refinance at today's rates (6.5%-7.5%) would replace your low-rate mortgage with a high-rate one, costing far more in interest than a HELOC or home equity loan. Cash-out refinancing makes sense primarily when you can reduce your overall mortgage rate while accessing renovation funds.
Are there any Idaho-specific programs for home remodeling?
The Idaho Housing and Finance Association (IHFA) periodically offers below-market-rate home improvement loan programs. Federal energy-efficiency tax credits (30% credit for windows, insulation, heat pumps) are available to all Idaho homeowners. Idaho Power offers rebates on energy-efficient equipment. USDA Section 504 loans at 1% interest are available in eligible rural areas outside Boise city limits. Check IHFA's website and Idaho Power for current offerings.
What is an FHA 203(k) loan and can I use it in Boise?
An FHA 203(k) loan combines home purchase and renovation financing into a single mortgage. You can borrow up to 110% of the after-repair value to buy a fixer-upper and renovate it. It is available in Boise through select lenders. The Limited 203(k) covers renovations under $35,000 with a simpler process. The Standard 203(k) covers major renovations over $35,000 and requires a HUD consultant. Minimum credit score is 580 for 3.5% down.
How much can I borrow with a HELOC in Boise?
HELOC borrowing limits in Boise are based on your home equity and combined loan-to-value ratio (CLTV). Most lenders allow 80-90% CLTV. Example: Home value $450,000, mortgage balance $280,000. At 80% CLTV: $450,000 x 0.80 - $280,000 = $80,000 HELOC limit. At 90% CLTV: $125,000 limit. Your actual limit also depends on credit score, income, and debt-to-income ratio.
Is home improvement loan interest tax-deductible in Idaho?
Interest on HELOCs and home equity loans used for home improvements is generally tax-deductible up to the $750,000 total mortgage debt limit under current federal tax law. The key requirement is that the funds must be used to 'buy, build, or substantially improve' the home securing the loan. Keep records documenting how funds were used. Interest on personal loans and credit cards used for home improvement is generally NOT tax-deductible. Consult a tax professional for your specific situation.